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His mother, Ana Débora, Miguel's second wife, died when Baruch was only six years old. He was the second son of Miguel de Espinoza, a successful, although not wealthy, Portuguese Sephardic Jewish merchant in Amsterdam. Early life īaruch Espinosa was born on 24 November 1632 in the Jodenbuurt in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Spinoza lived where the Moses and Aaron Church is located now, and there is strong evidence that he may have been born there. The work opposed Descartes's philosophy of mind–body dualism and earned Spinoza recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers. The Theologico-Political Treatise was published during his lifetime, but the work which contains the entirety of his philosophical system in its most rigorous form, the Ethics, was published posthumously in the year of his death. He also left behind many letters that help to illuminate his ideas and provide some insight into what may have been motivating his views. The rest of the writings we have from Spinoza are either earlier or incomplete works expressing thoughts that were crystallized in the two aforementioned books ( e.g., the Short Treatise and the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect), or else they are not directly concerned with Spinoza's own philosophy ( e.g., The Principles of Cartesian Philosophy and The Hebrew Grammar). Spinoza's philosophy is largely contained in two books: the Theologico-Political Treatise, and the Ethics. It earned Spinoza an enduring reputation as one of the most important and original thinkers of the seventeenth century. Spinoza's philosophy encompasses nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. Shortly after (1679/1690) his books were added to the Catholic Church's Index of Forbidden Books. In June 1678 -just over a year after Spinoza's death-the States of Holland banned his entire works, since they 'contain very many profane, blasphemous and atheistic propositions.' The prohibition included the owning, reading, distribution, copying, and restating of Spinoza's books, and even the reworking of his fundamental ideas. He is buried in the Christian churchyard of Nieuwe Kerk in The Hague. He died at the age of 44 in 1677 from a lung illness, perhaps tuberculosis or silicosis exacerbated by the inhalation of fine glass dust while grinding lenses. He turned down rewards and honours throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions. Spinoza lived an outwardly simple life as an optical lens grinder, collaborating on microscope and telescope lens designs with Constantijn and Christiaan Huygens. He was frequently called an 'atheist' by contemporaries, although nowhere in his work does Spinoza argue against the existence of God. Jewish religious authorities issued a herem ( חרם‎) against him, causing him to be effectively expelled and shunned by Jewish society at age 23, including by his own family. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine.

Spinoza was raised in the Spanish-Portuguese-Jewish community in Amsterdam. In his works in Latin, he used the name Benedictus de Spinoza. 'In most of the documents and records contemporary with Spinoza's years within the Jewish community, his name is given as 'Bento'', Portuguese for 'Blessed'.

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In Hebrew, his full name is written ברוך שפינוזה‎. Spinoza's given name, which means 'Blessed', varies among different languages. One of the foremost exponents of 17th-century Rationalism and one of the early and seminal thinkers of the Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism including modern conceptions of the self and the universe, he came to be considered 'one of the most important philosophers-and certainly the most radical-of the early modern period.' Inspired by the groundbreaking ideas of René Descartes, Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age.

Straussīaruch ( de) Spinoza (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin. Leibniz, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Novalis, Shelley, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Santayana, Einstein, Wittgenstein, Deleuze, Althusser, L.

Gemcraft chapter 0 78